Hey,
thanks for taking the effort to analyze my logs.
I think for now my problem is solved, as I finally got an error message from which I could gain some knowledge.
I had a kernel bug at /build/linux-sdMcHj/linux-4.9.189/drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_drv.c:142 and according to this KB article I was able to fix it by putting
vmxnet3.rev.30 = FALSE
to my .vmx file and currently I haven't had a freeze/crash for 10 hours, so this might be the solution
Anyway, I learned something new, and again, thanks for your help!